The desert AREAS of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These AREAS can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the AREAS with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat AREAS with morphometric and geological diversity.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Ophthalmological complications in transplanted patients are often due to underlying disorders or drug use and consists anterior segment and posterior segment complications that CENTRAL serous chorioretinopathy among the posterior complications is related to high dose steroid, stress or cyclosporine and usually has a good outcome. In this paper, we report a case with CSCR as an ophthalmologic complication of renal transplantation.CASE: A 36-year-old man hospitalized for treatment of rejection, suffered from severe visual loss in both eyes that after exam and fluorescin angiography CSCR (due to high dose steroid use for rejection) was diagnosed. With tapering of the drug and after about 3 months, visual acuity became normal.CONCLUSION: Visual acuity changes must be followed carefully in all transplanted patients but CSCR usually has a good prognosis and after tapering of dose steroid, improvementmay be seen.

Culture is the most important issue affecting the development of human societies. The term of cultural development is common in recent years and can give an end to the conflict between tradition and modernity, between places and habitat. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the development process in rural AREAS after culture. CENTRAL County of Rostam Township can be remarkable in terms of great capabilities, especially in agriculture and patient talent strategic location and it’s potential. Population statistics in this study included 53 villages of CENTRAL county of Rostam township. Method used in this study, is descriptive method - analysis. Method of data collection is library - documents and field studies too and for data analysis software SPSS and Arc GIS and in analysis and assumptions to achieve the result of “Morris inharmonious index”. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of villages having a population conditions and cultural facilities. Between planning and social conditions of cultural geography found no significant relationship. Also, there was no significant relationship between social and geographical factors and cultural planning.

Today, tourism and related jobs, with job creation, improved quality of life, income distribution and optimal utilization of resources, and thus plays an important role in rural economic development in rural development. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explain the components of tourism and sustainable entrepreneurship development in the rural AREAS of the CENTRAL part of Hamadan. Research, Purpose, and Methodology The statistical population of this study was calculated according to the statistical yearbook of Hamedan province in 1395 with 524688 people (23476 households). Taken. The results show that rural tourism in the area by creating employment, increasing income levels, diversification of economic activities, social relationships spread between the host community and visitors to the protection of cultural heritage and natural environment has helped to prevent the inappropriate migration and Optimization of The earth helps sustainable rural development and, among other things, enhances government support (such as insurance, transit facilities, etc. ). The tourism sector ", " facilitate the setting up of tourism businesses in terms of time and cost ", " reduce environmental pollution and promote environmental health in rural AREAS (waste management and garbage collection, sanitation, . . . »greatest impact Has a range of studies on tourism development and entrepreneurship.

Sustainable and continuous development of each country is dependent upon Sustainability of it’s agricultural system. In countries which are dependent on rural economy, sustainable agricultural development is of great importance economically, socially, culturally, and politically. The main objective of this study is to investigate the agricultural sustainability in rural AREAS with the focus on the CENTRAL district of Ravansar township. The research takes the design of descriptive analysis in which data are collected through instruments used in field studies. Population of the study included the heads of rural families in all villages of CENTRAL district in Ravansar (N=4209). Using Cochran formula and stratified sampling, a sample of 188 people was selected and surveyed through questionnaires. In order to estimate the reliability of the research, Cronbachs' alpha coefficient was used and indicated the coefficient of 0.72, 0.73, 0.79 percent for three parts of the questionnaire, representing the appropriateness of the instruments used. The results of statistical analysis in SPSS software show that 55 percent of indicators have been in the unsustainable group, 36.5 percent in somewhat sustainable group and 8.5 percent in sustainable group. Also with regard to the  indicators, 38.70 percent of indicators  are in unsustainable group, 22.58 percent in somewhat sustainable group and 38.70 percent  in sustainable group.

A B S T R A C TToday, all officials involved with the challenges of city sustainability have accepted the idea of a smarter city, using more technologies, creating better living conditions and protecting the environment for a better quality of life. The CENTRAL part of the metropolis of Tabriz is based on Region 8 and part of Region 10, a historical-cultural area with an area of 286 hectares and a population of about 40 thousand people in 8 neighbourhoods. This research was compiled to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the CENTRAL part of Tabriz city with the approach of smart growth and in line with the sustainable development of problematic neighbourhoods in the 8th district of Tabriz metropolis. The present review is methodologically practical, to describe and analyze the goals of regeneration based on library studies. The statistical population of the research includes experts and people living in the CENTRAL context. In the first part, the Delphi method was used by asking experts. In the second part, the structural equation method of SPSS and AMOS software is used. According to the results of using the scales of design, pedestrian-oriented, intergenerational justice in the actual situation and 3 indicators of management and productivity, stable and value-creating jobs are in the potential situation. Also, two environmental indicators with the most direct and indirect effects and a cultural index have been decisive in the regeneration with the smart growth approach in the CENTRAL part of Tabriz city. Therefore, in the regeneration of the CENTRAL part, the studied indicators should be used simultaneously and integrated into the reconstruction projects of the CENTRAL fabric of the city to lead to smart sustainabilityExtended AbstractIntroductionSmart growth is considered a lever for revitalizing neighborhoods and urban centers. In a general scenario of smart growth, knowing the time and resources of investment provides a new and sustainable life in the city center and worn-out and old textures. Moreover, finally, it will improve the quality of urban neighborhoods, especially worn-out ones, and revive them. Tabriz metropolis, one of the most important and largest cities in the country, with a long history of settlement, especially the CENTRAL and old texture, due to developments in information and communication technology, extensive environmental, social, and economic changes in terms of time requirements, the traditional texture of roads, Deterioration of residential units, lack of equipment, infrastructure and urban services and environmental problems have caused the failure and physically turned into inefficient and problematic textures. Urban planning and development science must adopt a new decision and approach to face the existing and complex issues of worn-out texture. The main problem of the research is to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the CENTRAL texture and strengthen them in line with the sustainable development of the problematic neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis according to the solutions and principles of smart urban growth. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to answer the following question:- What are the effective indicators and components in the regeneration of the CENTRAL texture of Tabriz metropolis with a smart growth approach? MethodologyThis research is applied and fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The collection methods are based on documentary and library studies, surveys, and interviews. In the first part, qualitative data was prepared with an open questionnaire and through interviews, as well as the review of documents and quantitative data used in this research numerically and through the weighting of Delphi questionnaires based on the consensus index model to determine importance, certainty, and priority. The panel members were 19 people (including 5 university faculty members, 7 field research experts, 4 executive experts, and 3 graduate students) selected based on the non-probability (targeted) method. In the second part, Cronbach's alpha method was exerted to measure the reliability of the questions, which was obtained as 0.89. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the Lawshe method was exploited. The statistical population of the second part includes District 8 of Tabriz, which is the CENTRAL texture of the city and is equal to 34,231 people. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was equal to 379 people. Results and discussionIn the next step, path analysis was performed using AMOS 23 software to compare the integrated model with the hypotheses. The results of the path analysis, while verifying the structures, show that the value of the index of the critical ratio to the degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) is equal to 4.01, which is an optimal value for the model fit. Also, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.952, which indicates the acceptability of this amount for the optimal fit of the model. The value of the root means the square error of estimation (RMSEA) is 0.065, which is acceptable because it is smaller than 0.08 and indicates the confirmation of the research model. Also, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) is 0.917, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.92, and the normalized parsimonious fit index (PNFI) is 0.882, which all indicate that the fit and verification of the research model are desirable.Therefore, none of the objects are removed and remain in the model. Therefore, it is confirmed that the factor structure of regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach has reliability and construct validity. Also, the second-order factor analysis shows that the factor loadings of all regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 95% probability level. According to the results, the environmental dimension with a factor loading of 0.94 has the most significant effect on urban regeneration with the smart growth approach in the CENTRAL texture of Tabriz city. After that, quality of life with a factor loading of 0.92, social dimension with a factor loading of 0.88, economic dimension with a factor loading of 0.83, physical dimension with a factor loading of 0.81, transportation dimension with a factor loading of 0.74 and cultural dimension in order with a factor loading of 0.72, are in the following ranks.According to the final structural model results, the environmental index has the highest value, with a direct effect of 0.594 and an indirect effect of 0.275. Moreover, after that, respectively, the quality of life index with a direct effect of 0.513 and an indirect effect of 0.236, a social index with a direct effect of 0.476 and an indirect effect of 0.217, an economic index with a direct effect of 0.451 and an indirect effect of 0.222, Physical with the direct effect of 0.435 and indirect effect of 0.205, mobility index with the direct effect of 0.373 and indirect effect of 0.182 and cultural index with the effect of direct values of 0.295 and indirect effect of 0.153 are influential in regeneration with smart growth approach in the CENTRAL part of Tabriz city. ConclusionIn this research, seven main indicators related to the subject were investigated. The results showed that the environmental index with the most significant direct and indirect effect is the focus of the evaluation. After that, dimensions and indicators of quality of life, social index, economic index, physical index, mobility index, and cultural index have been influential. According to the results, the urban environment index was analyzed as the most important factor at a high level, and this means that for urban regeneration with a smart growth approach, improving the environmental and physical conditions in the worn-out and CENTRAL texture of Tabriz city in the current situation is a priority. It is first. This is the most well-known part of regeneration with a smart growth approach. The analysis results show that this is not the case only in the case of transportation infrastructure. However, more comprehensive urban infrastructure such as the urban landscape, open spaces, green and parks, etc. are also crucial in improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. Also, this study's results show that the economic sector's importance is as important as improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. In addition, in the worn-out texture of District 8 of Tabriz city, the sociocultural sector is essential, and the revival of historical and cultural resources is considered one of the urban regeneration options. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.  Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific.

The rapid and uncontrolled growth of tourism, that has influenced the economic foundations of rural economy, has caused different economic impacts and consequences in the rural AREAS of the CENTRAL district of the city of Nowshahr. The purpose of this study is to recognize and analyze the impacts of tourism in this area based on the principles of sustainable tourism and relevant theoretical bases. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytic, utilizing objective and subjective data based on questionnaires administered to household heads and the rural settlers. In analyzing the data, parametric statistical tests such as Pierson’s correlation test and nonparametric tests such as Spearman’s correlation test and Chi-squire were used. The results of this study indicate that tourism has brought positive consequences such as job creation for the youths, has increased income for the inhabitants, it has also brought negative economic consequences such as increased prices of goods and services in the tourism season, an increase in land price and the increase of living cost for the inhabitants and the excessive reliance of the rural economy upon tourism. So, the monopolization of rural economy through the dominance of the tourism and the inability of the tourism sector to establish an effective links with other economic activities and its inability to play a complimentary role, is in conflict with the principles of rural tourism. Therefore, it seems that the continuation of such a process will pose some problems and challenges to the foundations of economic development of the rural AREAS under investigation in the long term.

In the arid and semi-arid area's rainfall have considerable changes in terms of time and amount that make the water resource management an important issue. In this research, using both Boolean and Fuzzy logic were zoned potentiality suitable AREAS for construction of underground dams. The study area is located in the CENTRAL region of Ardabil province with 7461 km2 area and semi-arid climate. For this purpose, were used many criteria consist of topography, geology, land use, geomorphology, water quality and quantity, depth of alluvial, and channels ranking. In the Boolean logic method, after preparing the related criteria, suitable and unsuitable AREAS were determined in two classes 0 and 1 that were combined using AND operator. In the Fuzzy logic method, the criteria were prepared in many classes and scored from 0 to 1 regarding previous researches and area conditions, then the criteria were combined with Fuzzy gamma operator. There is a good accordance between used criteria and combined maps that obtained from two methods. Overall CENTRAL area and part of southwest and northern area determined as suitable locations for construction of underground dams. Results of Fuzzy logic showed that in the study area, the streams with 3 rank and deep alluvial AREAS have a high potentiality for underground dams’ construction. Therefore, these AREAS should be considered as the suitable AREAS for underground dams.